明清老学的主要特点与成就-《长安大学学报（社科版）》

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Title:: Main characteristics and achievements of philosophy of Lao Tzu in Ming and Qing Dynasties

作者:: 刘固盛; 华中师范大学历史文化学院，湖北武汉 430079

Author(s):: LIU Gusheng; School of History and Culture，Central China Normal University，Wuhan 430079，Hubei，China

关键词:: 明清; 老学; 《老子》; 道教; 三教之道; 民间化

Keywords:: Ming and Qing Dynasties; philosophy of Lao Tzu; Lao Tzu; Taoism; the principles of three religions; popularization

分类号:: B223.1

DOI:: -

文献标志码:: A

摘要:: 明清老学内容丰富，在思想上也仍然具有创造性，并呈现出新的时代特点。通过梳理《老子》的注解，结合儒道释思想在老学中的融合与老学的民间化进程，对明清时期老学的主要特点、地位与价值进行分析。研究认为，明清时期对老子思想政治功能的阐述达到了新的高度，主张藏富于民，提出如何限制君主权力的问题，同时以儒家的经世思想改造道家的贵身理念，继承了“天下为公”的儒家传统，同时有限度地肯定了私的价值和合理性，由此发展出具有一定政治启蒙色彩的公私观。研究还认为，在儒、道、释三教关系上，明清学者在老学中并不局限于简单的比附，而是注意揭示儒、道、释之间能够互通合一的深层原因，有的以气沟通三教之道，认为儒、道、释各家的修养方法虽然不同，但追求的理想境界却异曲同工；有的从老子“正言若反”的否定思维方式出发进行分析，认为老子并不是要绝弃儒家的仁义礼智，理解老子的思想，一定要注意其“立言之大意”，或正言若反，或反言若正，而老子的主要思想是以修身治国为主，抓住了这一主旨及老子的立言特点，便知“孔老之合一，儒道之同源”。研究表明，随着明清道教发展的下移，其与民间信仰的结合日益紧密，与此相关，明清道教老学中出现了民间化的趋势，这正是道教影响中国社会、文化、信仰的独特方式和具体体现。

Abstract:: The philosophy of Lao Tzu in Ming and Qing Dynasties is rich in content, creative in thought, and endowed with new characteristics in the new era. Based on the analysis of the annotations of Lao Tzu and the fusion of the ideas of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism in the philosophy of Lao Tzu, as well as the popularization of the philosophy of Lao Tzu, this paper aims to analyze the main characteristics, status and values of the philosophy of Lao Tzu in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The research believes that the interpretation of the political functions of the philosophy of Lao Tzu in Ming and Qing Dynasties has reached a new level. It advocates the possession of wealth among the people, and proposes the issue of the method of restricting sovereign rights. Besides, it transforms the idea of value on oneself in Taoism by the practical statecraft thought in Confucianism, inherits the Confucian tradition of "the whole world is owned by the public" on the one hand, and reaffirms the value and rationality of private matters to a limited degree on the other hand, thus developing the publicprivate outlook with a touch of political enlightenment. Scholars in Ming and Qing Dynasties did not confine themselves to a simple analogy in the philosophy of Lao Tzu when dealing with the relationship among Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, but paid attention to revealing the indepth reasons to the interconnection and integration among these three. For instance, some scholars tried to interpret the ideas of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism using the concept of Qi, believing that the cultivation of the three are different in approach, but similar in the ideal state that they pursue. Some scholars conducted their analysis based on the contradictory thinking mode of Lao Tzu’s "oxymorons", believing that Lao Tzu never wanted to forsake the four Confucian virtues of humanity, righteousness, propriety and wisdom. To understand Lao Tzu’s ideas, people must pay attention to the "general ideas in his words", which are expressed in an opposite way of its intention. Lao Tzu’s thought is mainly focused on selfcultivation and country governance. Once we grasp this main idea and the characteristics of his expounded ideas, we will understand that "Confucius and Lao Tzu share the same origin, and that Confucianism and Taoism can be traced to the same roots". As the Taoist religion grew in the general public in Ming and Qing Dynasties, its integration with folk beliefs had become increasingly closer. Relevantly, the philosophy of Lao Tzu in Ming and Qing Dynasties saw a trend of popularization, which is exactly the unique ways and specific embodiment of the influence of Taoism on the Chinese society, culture and beliefs.

《长安大学学报（社科版）》[ISSN:1671-6248/CN:61-1391/C]

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